Home > Statistics > Labour cost survey > 2012 > The cost of an hour worked EUR 31.6 for an employer in 2012

Published: 26 September 2014

The cost of an hour worked EUR 31.6 for an employer in 2012

According to the data of Statistics Finland's Labour Cost Survey, labour costs were, on average, EUR 31.6 per hour worked in 2012. The hourly costs were EUR 32.0 in the private sector, EUR 29.5 in the local government sector, and EUR 37.4 in the central government sector. Wage and salary costs formed, on average, 76.5 per cent, social security costs 21.3 per cent, and other costs 2.2 per cent of total labour costs in the sectors.

Cost of an hour worked and the cost per staff-year by employer sector in 2012

Sector / industry	Labour cost, per hour worked, EUR	Labour cost per staff-year, EUR
Sectors total	31.6	50,600
Private sector total	32.0	52,200
Manufacturing, total (B-E)	35.1	57,900
Construction (F)	31.8	53,700
Service Industry (G-S)	30.7	49,600
Consumer and business services (G-N)	30.5	49,900
Welfare services (O-S)	31.5	48,400
Local government sector	29.5	45,400
Central government	37.4	56,900

In the private sector, the cost of an hour worked was highest in the manufacturing industries (B-E) and lowest in consumer and business services (G-N). Examined by sector, the central government sector had the highest cost of an hour worked, EUR 37.4, while cost of an hour worked was lowest in the local government sector, EUR 29.5. In the central government sector, the high cost level is explained by the personnel focusing on expert professions that, on average, have a high pay level. The central government sector also has longer holiday periods than the private sector, which decreases the number of hours worked compared with the private sector. Due to longer holiday periods, the cost of an hour worked in the central government sector is higher than in manufacturing, even though the cost per staff-year is lower than in manufacturing. The number of hours worked by sector is presented in Table 1 in addition to cost of an hour worked and cost per staff-year.

In the local government sector, the labour cost is lowest among the sectors both per an hour worked and per staff-year. Even though the number of hours worked is lower in the local government sector than in the private sector due to holidays and the social costs are higher than in other sectors, the wage and salary costs of the local government sector are clearly lower than in the other sectors.

Labour costs are derived when the compensations for costs received by the employer (reimbursement of pay for periods of sickness, compensations from occupational health care, and employment subsidy) have been deducted from the employer's wage and salary costs, social security costs, and other labour costs. The hours worked have been calculated by deducting the absences, like annual leaves and sick leaves, from the sum of regular working time and overtime hours.

In manufacturing, the cost of an hour worked grows by the size of the enterprise

In the private sector, the cost per an hour worked in manufacturing industries (B-E) was EUR 29.2 in the smallest enterprises with 10 to 49 wage and salary earners, while the average cost per an hour worked was EUR 39.6 in the largest enterprises. The cost grows heavily in accordance with the size of the enterprise. In welfare services, the cost of an hour worked also grows the larger the enterprise is measured by the number of personnel. In construction, in enterprises with 50 to 249 wage and salary earners, the cost of an hour worked is higher than in enterprises with 250 to 499 wage and salary earners, but otherwise the cost rises as the size of the enterprise grows.

Cost of an hour worked in the private sector by industry and size of enterprise in 2012

Smaller enterprises (10 to 49 wage and salary earners) in consumer and business services have the lowest cost per hour. In these industries, the cost does not grow consistently with the size of the enterprise like in manufacturing, the largest cost is found among mid-size enterprises with 50 to 249 wage and salary earners. After this, as the size of the enterprise grows, the cost of an hour decreases. There are low-pay dominated enterprises among the large enterprises in consumer and business services, for example, in the industries of property maintenance and trade, as well as labour rental. This largely explains the lower cost level in larger enterprises.

The variation by industry in the cost of an hour worked is small when comparing smaller enterprises with 10 to 49 wage and salary earners. In these enterprises, the average cost per hour only varies by good EUR one, from EUR 27.9 in consumer and business services to EUR 29.2 in manufacturing. The larger the enterprise size category, the clearer the difference in hourly costs between industries become. The industry-specific hourly costs in the largest enterprises with over 500 wage and salary earners vary from EUR 30.6 in consumer and business services to EUR 39.6 in manufacturing.

When viewed by size category, the biggest jump in hourly costs occurs between the smallest and second-smallest size category in other industries than manufacturing. In manufacturing, the largest cost difference is between the mid-size categories, i.e. when moving from enterprises with 50 to 249 wage and salary earners to those with 250 to 499 wage and salary earners.

The differences in hourly costs in enterprises of different sizes are mainly explained by wage and salary costs that are the higher the larger the enterprise is. Part of the social insurance contributions are also higher the larger the enterprise in question is. In manufacturing, the largest enterprises also pay on average more performance-based bonuses and other one-off items than smaller enterprises.

Enterprises with fewer than ten employees are not included in the Labour Cost Survey

Other than wage and salary costs form 22.8 per cent of labour costs in the private sector

Other than wage and salary costs, that is, social security costs and other labour costs, represent 22.8 per cent of total labour costs in the private sector. The share of other than wage and salary costs is highest in the local government sector, where social security costs and other labour costs account for 26.2 per cent of total costs. The corresponding share in the central government sector is 22.0 per cent.

The wage and salary cost consists of direct earnings and other wages and salary costs such as one-off pay items and remuneration for days off. In the statistics, social security costs include actual social security costs, that is statutory, agreement-based and voluntary social insurance contributions, pay during sick leave, pay related to child birth and child care, and occupational health care costs.

Structure of labour costs in the private sector, the central government sector and local government sector in 2012, per cent of total labour costs

Other labour cost items include benefits in kind, costs of in-service training, costs for industrial and protective clothing, recruitment costs, and the costs of personnel funds. The share of these cost items is highest in the private sector, 2.7 per cent, while it is 0.9 per cent in the local government sector and 1.6 per cent in the central government sector. The larger share of other labour costs in the private sector compared with the central and local government sectors is primarily the result of the higher portion of benefits in kind in the private sector.

Source: Labour cost survey 2012. Statistics Finland

Inquiries: Hanna Jokimäki 029 551 3667, Pentti Jonninen , tvk@stat.fi

Director in charge: Hannele Orjala

Publication in pdf-format (273.7 kB)

Tables

Tables in databases

Pick the data you need into tables, view the data as graphs, or download the data for your use.

• Database tables and their variables
• Archived tables

Appendix tables

• Appendix table 1. Hours worked, cost of an hour worked and labour cost per staff-year by industry (TOL2008) and sector in 2012 (26.9.2014)
• Appendix table 2. Structure of labour costs by sector in 2012 (26.9.2014)
• Appendix table 3. Cost of an hour worked in the private sector by the number of personnel in the enterprise and by industry (26.9.2014)

---

Updated 26.9.2014