Turnover of service industries: documentation of statistics

The index of turnover of service industries comprises TOL2008 sections:

• H Transportation and storage
• I Accommodation and food service activities
• J Information and communication
• M Professional, scientific and technical activities
• N Administrative and support service activities
• R Arts, entertainment and recreation
• S Other service activities

The sub-series of the sections are published on the 2-digit level of the Standard Industrial Classification. Industries 51 Air transport and 53 Postal and courier activities are not published but they are included in section H Transport and storage and in other services total.

The statistical unit used is the kind-of-activity unit.

The observation unit is mainly a legal unit. Because one legal unit can operate in several industries, the data are divided by industry. This applies only to economically significant units operating in multiple industries.

The population of the index of turnover of service industries is formed by all enterprises practising business in Finland and which are classified in Statistics Finland’s Business Register under the industries to be published.

Those excluded from the population:

• foreign corporations
• units whose turnover is mainly comprised of non-market activities, such as organisations in public administration
• auxiliary enterprises serving business activities in which turnover mainly consists of internal corporate services.

The register data used as data sources for the statistics cover practically all enterprises liable to pay value added tax. Thus, the observation population of the register data mainly corresponds with the statistical population.

The units with turnover under the value added tax liability threshold are excluded from the data set unless they have voluntarily applied to be liable for value added tax. However, these units’ share of the population is very small, and it does not have a material effect on the results.

The index of turnover of service industries describes development in the turnover of enterprises operating in Finland, and it is published on the level of the whole country. The statistics do not include regional levels or classifications.

The data of the statistics are based on turnover data submitted by enterprises operating in Finland. However, the data can include turnover generated outside the borders of Finland. The biggest enterprises are asked monthly in the sales inquiry about sales of goods and services from abroad to abroad.

This kind of turnover can include merchanting if it is reported in the financial statement of an enterprise operating in Finland. However, the data of the sales inquiry do not fully correspond with the definition of global production in the national accounts.

Data of the index of turnover and volume in service industries are published monthly, quarterly, biannually and annually.

The turnover data are available starting from 1995 and the volume from 2010.

The data remain preliminary for almost two years. In practice, already the second publication round gives results that are generally very close to final results.

The base year of the time series is 2021 (2021=100).

The data of the index of turnover in service industries are published as index point figures. The index point figure describes the change in turnover relative to the base year, where the average base year level is 100.

In addition to the index point figures, change percentages (%) are published.

The reference period of the index of turnover in service industries is a calendar month.

The following classifications are used in the statistics:

Standard Industrial Classification TOL2008

The compilation of statistics is guided by the Statistics Act. The Statistics Act contains provisions on collection of data, processing of data and the obligation to provide data. Besides the Statistics Act, the General Data Protection Regulation, the Data Protection Act and the Act on the Openness of Government Activities are applied to processing of data when producing statistics.

Statistics Finland compiles statistics in line with the EU’s regulations applicable to statistics, which steer the statistical agencies of all EU Member States.

Further information: Statistical legislation

The compilation of the index of turnover of service industries is guided by the national legislation and the legislation of the European Union.

On the national level, the production of the statistics is governed by the Statistics Act (280/2004). The Statistics Act contains provisions on collection of data, processing of data, confidentiality of data and the obligation to provide data.

In addition, the data protection legislation and the Act on the Openness of Government Activities (621/1999), the EU General Data Protection Regulation (2016/679), and the Data Protection Act (1050/2018) are applied to the processing of data.

The statistics on the index of turnover of service industries are guided in particular by the following EU Regulations:

• Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics

• Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1197

Statistics Finland compiles the statistics in accordance with these regulations.

The data of the index of turnover of service industries are supplied monthly for the use of other statistics. The data are used for the compilation of the trend indicator of output and national accounts.

In addition, the data are supplied monthly to Eurostat on the release day of the statistics. Eurostat publishes the data of the index of turnover of service industries on its website as part of European business statistics.

In 2025, a total of 400 working days were used for the production of the index of turnover of service industries. The labour input comprises the collection, processing, analysis and publication of data.

The response burden of the statistics was assessed with an inquiry on response burden in autumn 2019. According to the survey, the average response time for the inquiry was 48 minutes and the median was 25 minutes.

The aim is to minimise the response burden of the statistics using existing administrative register data, especially the data on self-assessed taxes collected by the Finnish Tax Administration. Using register data reduces the amount of data collected separately from enterprises.

Data on self-assessed taxes collected by the Finnish Tax Administration

The Tax Administration’s data on self-assessed taxes are used as the main data source for the statistics. The material contains sales data based on enterprises’ value added tax data, and these sales data are then used to calculate the index of turnover.

Enterprises report their value added tax data in different reporting periods based on the turnover of the enterprises. Enterprises with an annual turnover of more than EUR 100,000 report monthly. Enterprises with an annual turnover of EUR 30 001 to 100,000 report quarterly. Enterprises with an annual turnover of up to EUR 30,000 report annually.

The turnover calculated from value added tax data does not fully conform with the turnover concept of the Accounting Act. The data may contain sales of fixed assets or extraordinary items, for example, that are not included in the turnover concept of accounting.

Since 2017, small enterprises have been able to report their value added tax as payment-based in place of accrual-based reporting. Statistics Finland has investigated the effects of this change on the data and no significant changes have been detected in reporting behaviour. The change has not caused any need for methodological corrections in the calculation of turnover indices. The accrual of data is monitored regularly.

Statistics Finland’s own data collection

The Tax Administration’s data are supplemented with Statistics Finland’s own monthly sales inquiry. The data collection covers around 2,000 most important enterprises in their respective industries, of which around 600 are service enterprises.

In the inquiry, enterprises are asked for monthly sales data corresponding to turnover data as defined in the Accounting Act broken down between domestic sales and sales abroad.

The share of the sample in the number of enterprises in each main industry is 0.1 to 3.8 per cent. In terms of turnover, the sample covers approximately 19 to 78 per cent, depending on the industry. Enterprises are included in the sample based on their turnover so that the sample covers the most significant enterprises for the industry.

The merger of datasets and processing missing information

In the calculation of the statistics, the Tax Administration’s value added tax data and Statistics Finland’s own data collection are combined.

If an observation is missing from the dataset, it can be supplemented by imputation. Imputation is carried out in accordance with predetermined rules, and values generated by imputation are used in the statistics if they are considered to be reliable enough.

The data for the index of turnover of service industries are collected monthly. The sample of the inquiry is updated monthly due to enterprise reorganisations. In addition, a more extensive update of the sample is carried out once a year.

The data on the index of turnover of service industries are based on Statistics Finland’s own data collection and the register data submitted by the Tax Administration.

Data for Statistics Finland’s own data collection are gathered from enterprises with a web questionnaire.

The web questionnaire used in data collection has been tested during its implementation. The questionnaire is also tested whenever changes are made to it.

The non-response rate of data collection is monitored monthly. During monitoring, it is examined which enterprises have not responded by the deadline. If necessary, reminders are sent to data providers to ensure that the response rate remains high enough.

In addition, Statistics Finland has agreed with the Tax Administration that the Tax Administration delivers the data on self-assessed taxes. The Tax Administration delivers the data based on value added tax data to Statistics Finland monthly on an agreed date.

The data of the index of turnover of service industries are validated in several stages during the statistical process before the results are calculated and published. The validation is focused on both unit-level data and aggregated results.

Reception and structure validation

The data on self-assessed taxes delivered by the Tax Administration and Statistics Finland’s sales inquiry data are reviewed as soon as they are received. The technical integrity of the data is validated, such as the form of data fields, missing information and observation units.

Any systematic error types contained in the datasets are identified and corrected before calculating indices.

Logic and boundary value validations

The data are also validated in terms of content. Observations are reviewed at the enterprise level, and special attention is paid to exceptional changes in turnover and the accuracy of classification information.

If necessary, observations that are considered as incorrect are corrected or removed from calculation.

Examining time series deviations

The data are examined from the time series perspective both at the micro and macro level. In the examinations, attention is paid to sudden changes, level transitions and other deviations in the development of turnover.

The reasons behind the deviations are investigated as far as possible before results are calculated.

Coverage and accrual validations

Because the data are becoming more complete over time, their accumulation is monitored in every calculation round. The coverage of the data is reviewed especially in terms of turnover.

The accrual of the data is influenced by the reporting periods of enterprises, for example, as well as later corrections to the data.

Coherence validations

The results of the statistics are reviewed in relation to other statistics on business trends, for example. Here, it is assessed whether the trends of different statistics are consistent with each other.

In the enterprise-level data, also enterprise reorganisations, changes in the industry structure and reporting practices, as well as starting and ending business operations are examined to keep the time series comparable.

Revision monitoring

The differences between preliminary data and data that were later revised are monitored as part of quality assurance. Revisions are examined both at the unit level and aggregated industry levels.

The calculation of the index of turnover of service industries is based on estimation of change. Comparable observations for the examined month and for the corresponding month of the previous year are compared in the method. Enterprise reorganisations and other changes in the enterprise structure are considered to keep the time series comparable.

Because the data are incomplete for the latest months, the data cannot be calculated directly by summing the turnover of all enterprises. The indices are recalculated during each publication round as the data are becoming more complete.

Editing

The data processing starts with editing. In this phase, incorrect observations and possible classification errors are checked and corrected.

Observations that turn out to be incorrect due to changes in the data reported by enterprises or enterprise reorganisations, for example, are removed from the data or adjusted. In addition, starting and ending business operations, as well as changes in the industry structure, are taken into account.

Missing information

The data for the latest months are incomplete because not all enterprises have reported their data yet. Missing observations are supplemented with imputations.

Imputation is based on predetermined rules, and imputations are accepted into the calculation if they are considered to be reliable enough.

Estimation and modelling

The main estimation method of the statistics is estimation of change. The method is based on measuring the changes in comparable observations between corresponding months of successive years.Time series modelling is also used to aid in the calculation of the latest months’ indices to reduce revisions caused by the slow accumulation of data.

Depending on the industry, the following methods are used in time series modelling:

• The ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) model combined with factors formed with the main component analysis from direct collection of data or wage and salary sum data
• Regularisation models (Ridge, Lasso and Elastic Net) combined with factors formed with the main component analysis are combined from the direct collection of data or wage and salary sum data
• The static regression model utilising direct collection data or wage and salary sum data.

Aggregation and publication level

The indices in the statistics are calculated by industry. For the latest data, the indices at the higher industry levels are formed by aggregating the indices of more detailed industry levels.

The turnover of industries are used as weights in the aggregation. The weights are based on the industry’s turnover sum of one year earlier obtained from the calculation of the indices.

Revision logic

The indices in the statistics are recalculated during each publication round as the data are becoming more complete. The data from the latest months are preliminary and may become revised in later publications.

Revisions are mainly due to the fact that enterprises’ data on valued added tax are becoming more complete over time and enterprises can correct previously reported data.

Seasonally adjusted time series are produced in the index of turnover of service industries. Seasonal adjustment is a statistical method used to remove variation occurring within a year from the time series. This kind of variation can relate to seasons, weather conditions or ordinary seasonal variations in production and demand.

Seasonal adjustment is made using the Tramo/Seats method (Time Series Regression with ARIMA Noise, Missing Observations and Outliers / Signal Extraction in ARIMA Time Series) and JDemetra+ software. Seasonal adjustment is based on the ESS Guidelines on Seasonal Adjustment.

The method considers calendar effects and possible outliers, such as level transitions of time series or individual outliers.

Seasonal adjustment is made to the entire time series during each calculation round. For this reason, seasonally adjusted values may become revised as new observations become available. Long time series whose seasonality has changed over time are seasonally adjusted in several parts to improve the quality of the time series.

Users are notified in the publications of the statistics of the fact that seasonally adjusted series may become revised as new data become available.

The data of the index of turnover in industry are used by many national and international organisations, as well as those involved in research and business.

The data of the statistics are used at Eurostat, the European Central Bank and in international organisations, such as OECD and the UN, to monitor and analyse economic development.

In Finnish public administration, the data of the statistics are used to monitor the development of business services and economic trends.

Business and research institutes use the data to assess market development, the economic situation of industries and the competition situation.

At Statistics Finland, the data of the index of turnover in industry are used as source data for the trend Indicator of output and quarterly national accounts.

In addition, the quality of the data on the index of turnover of service industries is assessed in international statistical cooperation. The European Union’s statistics agency, Eurostat, assesses the data of the statistics biannually as part of quality monitoring of European business statistics.

Finland has met the quality criteria set for the statistics in full almost without an exception.

The key uncertainty factors of the index of turnover of service industries are related to the data accumulation delay, differences in the definitions of the source data and individual measurement errors.

The main source of error is related to the accumulation of the data. The Tax Administration’s data on self-assessed taxes are becoming more complete over time which is why the data from the latest months are preliminary and may become revised in later publications. The data is accumulated for approximately six months for monthly reporters and longer for quarterly and annual reporters.

In the first calculation of the latest month, the data coverage is over 40 per cent measured by the turnover and already over 99 per cent in the next calculation. The size of revisions is monitored regularly between different publication rounds.

The second uncertainty factor is related to the definition of turnover in the source data. The turnover calculated from the Tax Administration’s value added tax data does not fully conform with the turnover concept of the Accounting Act. The value added tax data may contain sales of fixed assets or extraordinary items, for example, that are not included in the turnover concept of accounting.

In addition, there may be individual measurement errors in the data. These errors can be caused by incorrectly reported data by the data providers or errors introduced during data processing. The correctness of the data is monitored as part of the validation of the statistical process.

The key indicators in quality monitoring are the data coverage and the size of revisions between different publication rounds. These factors are regularly examined as part of monitoring the quality of the statistics. Consistency with other similar statistical data is also monitored regularly.

The extensive data coverage and the calculation methods used support the fact that the results of the statistics reliably describe the development of turnover of service industries. The greatest uncertainties are related to the preliminary data for the latest months, as they may become revised as new data become available.

Data revisions in main industries between different releases and on average in the long term are presented in their own tables on the home page of the statistics.The StatFin database includes even more specific data, i.e. monthly data for all published industries.

The data on the index of turnover of service industries contain under-coverage, especially in the data for the latest months. This under-coverage is due to the fact that not all enterprises report their value added tax data on a monthly basis.

In the Tax Administration’s data on self-assessed taxes, enterprises report their data for different reference periods based on the turnover of the enterprises. Small enterprises report their data quarterly or annually. For this reason, some small enterprises are missing from the monthly data. The data are becoming more complete as the quarterly and annual data accumulate.

The enterprise group used in the calculation of the statistics is based on Statistics Finland’s Business Register. The framework is updated as updates are made to the Business Register, and enterprise reorganisations and starting and ending business operations are taken into account when calculating the statistics.

The coverage error is managed by monitoring the accumulation of the data and by updating the enterprise group regularly based on the data in the Business Register.

The non-response in the data on the index of turnover of service industries is mainly related to the data for the latest months. The data for all enterprises are not yet available at the time of the first publication, because the value added tax data and the data from the direct collection are becoming more complete over time.

Unit non-response occurs when the data for an enterprise are not yet available for the examined month. In this case, the observation is missing from the data in the first calculation round of the statistics.

Missing data are processed by imputation. In imputation, an approximate value is created for missing observations and it can then be included in the calculation of indices. In addition, time series modelling is used in the calculation of the latest months’ indices to reduce revisions caused by incomplete data in later publications.

Missing data can cause uncertainties in the preliminary figures for the latest months. If the imputations significantly deviate from the actual observations acquired later, index figures may become revised in later publications.

Time series modelling is used when calculating indices for the turnover of service industries for the latest months. In particular, the modelling is used in situations where some of the enterprises' observations are missing due to incomplete data.

The aim is to use modelling to improve the quality of preliminary index figures and reduce the size of revisions in later publications. Missing observations are also supplemented with imputations.

Using the model may cause errors if the approximates produced by the model deviate significantly from the actual observations acquired later. In this case, the index figures may become revised in later publications as the data become more complete.

Using the modelling and any revisions to the preliminary data are explained in the methodological description and publications of the statistics.

Quality management requires comprehensive guidance of activities. The European Statistics Code of Practice forms the basis for the common quality system of the European Statistical System.

The Code of Practice is based on 16 principles that concern statistical authorities' independence, accountability and the quality of the processes and data to be published.

The principles are in line with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics approved by the United Nations Statistics Commission and are supplementary to them. The quality criteria of Official Statistics of Finland are compatible with the European Statistics Code of Practice.

Further information:

• European Statistics Code of Practice (ec.europa.eu/eurostat)
• Recommendations of the Advisory Board of Official Statistics of Finland

The quality of data on the index of turnover of service industries is assessed at different stages of the statistical process in accordance with the quality outline of the Official Statistics of Finland.

The quality of the statistics is monitored monthly by examining the data revisions at the industry level and unit level and by comparing the results of the statistics with other statistics on business trends using coherence analyses.

In addition, the data of the statistics are compared annually with the data of the structural business and financial statement statistics. With these comparisons, it is possible to assess the consistency and reliability of the statistical data.

Revisions to published statistical data are part of normal statistics production. A revision usually means improvements in the quality of the available data or a significant methodological change where the time series is also revised retrospectively.

Statistical data usually become revised due to supplementation of the data. Then the new, revised statistical figure is based on a wider data basis.

Revisions of statistical data may also be caused by the calculation method used, such as annual benchmarking or updating of weight structures. The data may also become revised due to changes in the base year and classifications. Major revisions in national accounts are made when updating the manuals of national accounts.

The description must also reveal the magnitude of the revisions, as well as for how long the data will be subject to revisions after their initial release and whether certain data are subject to larger revisions than others.

If the data of the statistics are revised substantially more than usual, the reasons for it are separately explained in the release.

The data from the latest months on the index of turnover of service industries are preliminary and will become revised as the data become more complete. Revisions are mainly due to the fact that the Tax Administration’s data on self-assessed taxes are becoming more complete over time and enterprises can correct previously reported data.

The indices of the statistics are recalculated at each release. The data for a certain month are updated several times as new observations become available for calculations. The data are collected from monthly reporters for around six months and from quarterly and annual reporters for a longer time until the data are fully available.

The data become revised most during around six months from the first release. Due to the accumulation of the data, information for a single month may be revised in publications for more than a year.

In the first round of selection, the data coverage is over 40 per cent measured by the turnover and over 99 per cent in the second round of selection.

The size and development of revisions between different releases are monitored regularly. Average revisions by main industry are shown on the website of the statistics.

The first data on the index of turnover of service industries are published approximately one month from the end of the statistical reference month.

The data for the latest month are preliminary as the data for all enterprises are not yet available at the time of the first publication. The data will become revised in later publications as the data become more complete.

The data on the index of turnover of service industries are published on the dates indicated in the release calendar. There have not been any delays from the planned publication date in the publication of the statistics.

European definitions according to the STS Regulation are used in the production of the statistics, so the data of the statistics are internationally comparable and cover the whole of Finland.

The time series of the index of turnover of service industries are temporally comparable since 1995.

The time series of the index of turnover in industry are comparable over time since 1995. The reporting practices of value added taxes changed in 2017. Since January 2017, enterprises whose annual turnover is under EUR 500,000 have been able to report their value added tax as payment-based in place of accrual-based reporting.

In accrual-based reporting, sales are reported when the invoice is sent to the customer. In payment-based reporting, sales are reported only when the payment has been received. The change may affect the timing of turnover on a monthly basis.

Statistics Finland investigated the effect of the change on the data on self-assessed taxes. Based on a survey, no significant effects on enterprises' value added tax reporting have been detected due to the change and it has not caused any need for methodological corrections in the calculation of turnover indices. The accrual of data is monitored regularly.

Statistics Finland’s business statistics can be divided into business trend statistics and structural statistics. The index of turnover of service industries belongs to business trend statistics that describe the short-term business development and that is published quickly after the statistical reference period.

Business structures statistics, such as the structural business and financial statement statistics, describe business operations and economic structure on the annual level. The data content of the business structures statistics is more extensive but these statistics are published with a longer delay than statistics on economic trends.

What is more, temporal comparability is not the focus of these annual statistics describing a specific time in the same way it is in the business trend statistics. Annual statistics mainly use a different statistical unit, and it affects which industries the enterprise’s data are allocated to.

The data on the index of turnover of service industries are mainly comparable with other statistics describing business operations, but the statistics may differ in terms of the time of the description, publication delay or the extent of the data content.

Preliminary and final data are yearly published on structural business and financial statement statistics. Preliminary data are completed in September of the year following the statistical reference year and final data in December.

Monthly, quarterly, biannual and annual data on the index of turnover of service industries are based on the same source data and calculation method. Data published for different reference periods are thus consistent with each other.

Quarterly, biannual and annual data are formed based on monthly data by aggregating them over a longer period.

The data from the latest months are preliminary and may become revised in later publications as the data are becoming more complete. This is why the data for a longer period may become revised if they contain preliminary monthly observations. When the data are final, the data published in different intervals are consistent with each other.

The data of the index of turnover of service industries are used as source data for national accounts. The aim is to use as uniform concepts and definitions as possible with national accounts in the production of the statistics.

However, the intended purpose and calculation methods of the statistics differ. The index of turnover in services measures the short-term development of enterprises’ turnover, whereas national accounts describe the total economics and production more extensively.

In national accounts, turnover data can be supplemented and adjusted with other source data as part of the overall assessment. For this reason, the levels of the index on turnover and national accounts are not directly comparable, even though the trends shown in the statistics are usually consistent.

The data on the indices of turnover in industry, construction, trade and other service industries are consistent with each other, and in them, turnover describes the development of the entire turnover of the enterprises in the industries. Before 2021, the concept of turnover in construction was different than that of the other industries, because it only included domestic sales.

Statistics Finland publishes new statistical data at 8 am on weekdays in its web service. The release times of statistics are given in advance in the release calendar available in the web service. The data become public after they have been updated in the web service.

Further information: Publication principles for statistics at Statistics Finland

Future publications of the statistics

The data are released to all users at the same time. Statistical data may be processed at Statistics Finland and information on them may be given before release only by persons involved in the production of the statistics concerned or who need the data of the statistics concerned in their own work before the data are published.

Further information: Publication principles for statistics

Unless otherwise specifically stated in connection with the product, data or service concerned, Statistics Finland is the producer and copyright owner of the data.

Further information: The terms of use for statistical data

The data of the index of turnover of service industries are published monthly on Statistics Finland’s website.

In each monthly publication, the preliminary data for the latest month are published and the data for previous months are updated as the data become more complete. Thus, revisions are included in the regular monthly publication rhythm, and no separate revision releases are made.

The data of the index of turnover of service industries is published monthly on the home page of the statistics.

The database tables of the turnover of service industries are available free of charge in Statistics Finland’s StatFin database. Older time series of the statistics can be found in the archive database.

Unit-level data of the statistics on the index of turnover of service industries are used only for producing the statistics. Only those participating in the production of the statistics can access the unit-level data.

The unit-level data of the statistics are not released for research.

The data of the index of turnover of service industries can be produced as a charged information service at Statistics Finland’s tailored trend indicator service. The service can produce turnover data regionally, by enterprise group or based on various industry combinations.

Further information about the service can be found on the website of Statistics Finland’s tailored trend indicator service.

A methodological report has been published in English on the time series modelling used the index of turnover of service industries.

More detailed information on the seasonal variation of time series and the method used for seasonal adjustment can be found in the report on seasonal adjustment using the Tramo/Seats method.

The data protection of data collected for statistical purposes is guaranteed. The compilation of statistics is guided by the Statistics Act. Alongside the Statistics Act, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (eur-lex.europa.eu) and the Finnish Data Protection Act (Finlex.fi) are applied to the processing of personal data. Provisions on the confidentiality of data collected for statistical purposes are laid down in the Act on the Openness of Government Activities (Finlex.fi).

The data are processed only by persons who need the data in their work. The use of data is restricted by usage rights. All persons employed by Statistics Finland have signed a pledge of secrecy, where they have obliged to keep secret the data prescribed as confidential by virtue of the Statistics Act or the Act on the Openness of Government Activities.

Further information: Data protection

The data of the index of turnover of service industries are processed in accordance with the Statistics Act and Statistics Finland's data protection and data security guidelines. The aim of statistical confidentiality is to prevent direct or indirect identification of data concerning an individual enterprise from the published data.

The principles of statistical confidentiality are applied in the statistics, according to which data relating to individual enterprises are protected, where necessary, prior to publication. For this, Statistics Finland uses internal guidelines for the protection of tabulated business data.

In the index of service industries, data protection is ensured especially in situations where an individual enterprise has a significant impact on the turnover of the industry. A 70 procent influence of one company on the industry has been used as a limit for industry dominance, and as a threshold value, there must be at least 30 companies in the series to be published. In this case, the data for the industry are not published as separate but represented as combined industries or on higher industry levels only.

For this reason, the data for industries 51 Air transport and 53 Postal and courier activities are not published separately, but are included in the data for the index series H Transportation and storage. When data are delivered to Eurostat, protected data are marked as confidential, i.e. flagged in accordance with statistical data protection.